Your trusted guide to understanding, managing, and thriving with diabetes — backed by Australian health experts and current evidence.
Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases in which blood glucose levels are too high over a prolonged period. Understanding the type is key to effective management.
An autoimmune condition where the body's immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. People with Type 1 require lifelong insulin therapy. It can develop at any age and is not caused by lifestyle factors.
Learn more at Diabetes AustraliaThe most common form, accounting for around 85–90% of all cases. The pancreas still produces insulin but the body does not use it effectively (insulin resistance). It is strongly associated with lifestyle factors such as diet, physical inactivity and obesity, but genetics also play a role.
Learn more at Diabetes AustraliaOccurs during pregnancy when hormones produced by the placenta can block the action of insulin. It typically resolves after birth but increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life for both mother and child. Affects approximately 15% of pregnancies in Australia.
Learn more at Diabetes AustraliaThe causes of diabetes vary by type. Understanding your risk factors is the first step in prevention and early detection.
Having a first-degree relative with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes significantly increases your risk. Multiple gene variants are associated with susceptibility, particularly for Type 2 diabetes in people of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, Pacific Islander, South Asian and East Asian backgrounds.
A diet high in refined carbohydrates, saturated fats and added sugars, combined with physical inactivity, contributes to obesity and insulin resistance. These are the primary modifiable risk factors for Type 2 diabetes.
Excess body weight — particularly abdominal (visceral) fat — is one of the strongest risk factors for Type 2 diabetes. Fat around the midsection can interfere with insulin signalling and promote chronic inflammation. Even modest weight loss (5–10%) can significantly reduce risk.
In Type 1 diabetes, the immune system mistakenly attacks insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Environmental triggers such as viral infections may initiate this process in genetically susceptible individuals, though the exact mechanism is still being researched.
Pre-diabetes occurs when blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not yet at diabetic levels. Without intervention, it often progresses to Type 2 diabetes. Metabolic syndrome — a cluster of conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar and abnormal cholesterol — markedly elevates risk.
Risk of Type 2 diabetes increases with age (especially after 45). Chronic poor sleep and high stress levels raise cortisol, impacting blood sugar control. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), certain medications (such as corticosteroids) and previous gestational diabetes also increase risk.
Many people with Type 2 diabetes have no symptoms initially. If you experience several of the following, speak with your GP promptly.
⚠️ If you are concerned, use the Diabetes Australia Risk Assessment Tool or visit your GP for a simple blood glucose test.
There is no one-size-fits-all approach to diabetes treatment. Modern medicine offers a wide range of evidence-based options tailored to each individual.
Essential for all people with Type 1 diabetes and many with Type 2. Available as rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting and long-acting formulations. Delivered via injection pen, syringe or continuous insulin pump (CSII). The NDSS subsidises insulin and supplies for eligible Australians.
Metformin remains the first-line medication for most people with Type 2 diabetes. Newer classes — SGLT2 inhibitors (e.g. empagliflozin) and GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g. semaglutide) — offer significant cardiovascular and kidney-protective benefits. Always discuss options with your doctor or endocrinologist.
CGM devices such as the FreeStyle Libre and Dexcom G7 measure glucose in real-time, alerting users to highs and lows. The Australian Government CGM Initiative provides subsidised access for eligible people with Type 1 diabetes.
Working with an Accredited Practising Dietitian (APD) is one of the most effective treatments for Type 2 diabetes. A tailored eating plan can significantly reduce HbA1c, improve cholesterol and support weight management.
Exercise improves insulin sensitivity and lowers blood glucose. Australian guidelines recommend at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week, plus resistance training twice weekly. An Exercise Physiologist can create a safe, personalised program.
Research into artificial pancreas systems (closed-loop insulin delivery), beta cell transplantation, stem cell therapies and immunotherapy for Type 1 is progressing rapidly. The JDRF Australia funds cutting-edge Type 1 research.
Effective diabetes management is a whole-of-life approach. Small, consistent actions make the greatest difference over time.
Whether using a traditional glucometer or a CGM sensor, tracking your glucose levels helps you understand how food, activity, stress and medication affect your body. Aim for target ranges set by your diabetes care team — typically 4–8 mmol/L fasting.
Never skip doses or adjust insulin without guidance. Use reminder apps or a daily pill organiser. Speak with your pharmacist or GP if you experience side effects — alternatives are often available.
Inspect your feet daily for cuts, blisters or changes in skin. Annual complications screening should include: eye examination (retinal photography), kidney function (eGFR & urine ACR), nerve assessment and cholesterol / blood pressure checks. Regular dental care is also important.
Stress hormones raise blood glucose. Diabetes distress and burnout are common and valid experiences. Mindfulness, peer support and speaking with a psychologist experienced in chronic illness can all help. Ask your GP for a Mental Health Care Plan for subsidised sessions.
Your team may include a GP, endocrinologist, diabetes educator, dietitian, podiatrist, ophthalmologist and exercise physiologist. NDSS-registered Australians can access free or subsidised services via NDSS Support Services.
There is no single "diabetes diet" — it's about choosing nutritious, whole foods that help maintain stable blood glucose levels and support overall health. Always work with an Accredited Practising Dietitian for personalised advice.
| Meal | Example | Why It Helps |
|---|---|---|
| Breakfast | Rolled oats with blueberries, chia seeds & a handful of walnuts | Low-GI oats for sustained energy; antioxidants from berries |
| Morning Snack | Small apple with 2 tbsp natural almond butter | Fibre + healthy fat slows glucose absorption |
| Lunch | Grilled salmon on a large salad with olive oil & lemon dressing | Omega-3s, minimal carbohydrate, high satiety |
| Afternoon Snack | Greek yoghurt (no added sugar) with a sprinkle of pumpkin seeds | Protein & probiotics; low glycaemic impact |
| Dinner | Chicken stir-fry with lots of vegetables & a small serve of quinoa | Balanced plate — protein, fibre, complex carbs |
| Dessert (optional) | A small bowl of mixed berries with a dollop of ricotta | Satisfies sweet craving with minimal glucose spike |
💡 Always discuss dietary changes with your healthcare team. Carbohydrate counting or the use of the Glycaemic Index (GI) may be recommended. For more information, visit GI Symbol Program or Dietitians Australia.
These reputable Australian and international organisations provide free, evidence-based information and support services.
Provides advocacy, education, research funding and practical support for over 1.5 million Australians living with diabetes.
diabetesaustralia.com.auGovernment-funded program providing subsidised products and support services to registered Australians with diabetes.
ndss.com.auThe peak professional body for diabetes educators. Use their online directory to find a credentialled diabetes educator near you.
adea.com.auFunds world-leading research into Type 1 diabetes treatments and a cure. Also provides support resources for children, adults and families.
jdrf.org.auFree, trusted health information and a nurse helpline available 24/7. A good first point of call for questions about symptoms or treatment.
healthdirect.gov.auAll APDs can assist with diabetes meal planning. Many appointments are covered by Medicare (with a GP referral) or private health insurance.
dietitiansaustralia.org.auHave a question about diabetes management, or want to share a resource? Fill in the form and our team will respond within 2 business days. Please note: We do not provide individual medical advice.
